A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

A BRIEF COMPUTER HISTORY

The computer as we know it today had its beginning with a 19th century English mathematics professor name Charles Babbage.

He designed the Analytical Engine and it was this design that the basic framework of the computers of today are based on.

Generally speaking, computers can be classified into three generations. Each generation lasted for a certain period of time,and each gave us either a new and improved computer or an improvement to the existing computer.

First generation: 1937 – 1946 - In 1937 the first electronic digital computer was built by Dr. John V. Atanasoff and Clifford Berry. It was called the Atanasoff-Berry Computer (ABC). In 1943 an electronic computer name the Colossus was built for the military. Other developments continued until in 1946 the first general– purpose digital computer, the Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer (ENIAC) was built. It is said that this computer weighed 30 tons, and had 18,000 vacuum tubes which was used for processing. When this computer was turned on for the first time lights dim in sections of Philadelphia. Computers of this generation could only perform single task, and they had no operating system.

Second generation: 1947 – 1962 - This generation of computers used transistors instead of vacuum tubes which were more reliable. In 1951 the first computer for commercial use was introduced to the public; the Universal Automatic Computer (UNIVAC 1). In 1953 the International Business Machine (IBM) 650 and 700 series computers made their mark in the computer world. During this generation of computers over 100 computer programming languages were developed, computers had memory and operating systems. Storage media such as tape and disk were in use also were printers for output.


Third generation: 1963 - present - The invention of integrated circuit brought us the third generation of computers. With this invention computers became smaller, more powerful more reliable and they are able to run many different programs at the same time. In1980 Microsoft Disk Operating System (MS-Dos) was born and in 1981 IBM introduced the personal computer (PC) for home and office use. Three years later Apple gave us the Macintosh computer with its icon driven interface and the 90s gave us Windows operating system.



As a result of the various improvements to the development of the computer we have seen the computer being used in all areas of life. It is a very useful tool that will continue to experience new development as time passes.

THE PRIMARY INFORMATION OF INDIA

THE PRIMARY INFORMATION OF INDIA

·         Continent: Southern Asia

·         Climate: Varies; northern areas have winter snow, while elsewhere it is generally hot. The rainy season begins in June and lasts four to seven months, depending on location.

School:

·         The school year begins in April in most of north and east India, and in June in most of south and west India.

·         Barely half of children in India finish primary school. Dropout rates are higher for girls; only about 40% of adult women in India can read.

Play:

·         Pachisi (Parcheesi) has been called India's “national game.” Kite flying is also a widespread passion.

·         Hockey, cricket and soccer are very popular. Kabaddi, a complex, fast-paced team contact sport, is now played throughout Asia.

Family:

·         The “joint family” system is a common tradition, in which the families of several brothers (usually) live together.

·         Tens of millions of children in India—more than in any other country—work to help support their families.

Signature foods:

·         Chapati, an unleavened bread that is cooked on a griddle until brown and bubbly, then spread with butter or oil

·         India's famous chutneys—fresh or cooked relishes—are used at almost every meal. Nuts, chilies, fruits, herbs and spices are common chutney ingredients.

Interesting animals:

·         The Indian rhinoceros, a solitary, single-horned animal that spends much of its time wallowing in mud

·         The quick-moving pygmy hog, the world's smallest pig—weighing just 10 pounds

·         Unique holiday: Diwali, the five-day autumn “festival of lights” that illuminates homes and temples throughout India with candles and oil lamps.

·         Did you know? Two of the world's major religions, Hinduism and Buddhism, were founded in India. Today India also has significant populations of Muslims, Christians, Sikhs and Jains.

School System Works in India

Details of how the school system works in India, including the type of education available…

According to the 2009 Right to Education Act, schooling is free and compulsory for all children from the ages of 6 to 14. However, improvements are slow being implemented and disadvantaged groups may still not have adequate access to education.

A high value is placed on education, as it ensures a stable future. All parents want their children to attend the best private English schools, but places are limited. The admission process is therefore highly competitive.

Most Indian schools have a strong focus on academic subjects, with little scope for creativity and few or no extra-curricular activities. Traditional schooling methods tend to emphasise rote learning and memorisation, rather than encouraging independent or creative thinking. There is a strong focus on examinations from an early age. This makes the atmosphere at Indian schools competitive.

Many expats prefer to send their children to international schools. Others choose a more progressive Indian school that is less traditional in its teaching style.

The Education System

The Indian education system is structured as follows:

• Pre-school: Education at this level is not compulsory. The Montessori system is especially popular at the pre-school level
• Private playschools: Catering for children between the ages of 18 months and three
• Kindergarten: This is divided into lower kindergarten (for three- to four-year-olds) and upper kindergarten (for four- to five-year-olds)
• Primary school: First to fifth standard/class/grade (for six- to ten-year-olds)
• Middle school: Fifth to eighth standard/class/grade (for 11- to 14-year-olds)
• Secondary school: Ninth and tenth standard/class/grade (for 14- to 16-year-olds)
• Higher secondary or pre-university: 11th and 12th standard/class/grade (for 16- to 17-year-olds). This is when students choose an academic area on which to focus
• Undergraduate: A BA is a three-year degree. Specialised courses such as medicine and engineering can be longer
• Postgraduate: A one-year course

Types of Schools

• Public/government schools: Most schools in India are funded and run by the government. However, the public education system faces serious challenges including a lack of adequate infrastructure, insufficient funding, a shortage of staff and scarce facilities
• Private schools: Since many government schools do not provide adequate education, Indian parents aspire to send their children to a private school. Some expats choose to send their children to private Indian schools
• International schools: There are international schools in all major cities. They are attended by expat and Indian children
• National open schools: Provide education up to the higher secondary level for children whose schooling has been interrupted and have been unable to complete formal education
• Special-needs schools: Provide non-formal education and vocational training to children with disabilities

Factors of effective classroom communication

communication